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Slår alarm for sjøørreten

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 – Hvis vi ikke gjør noe med lakselusa nå, vil det ikke være fiskbar bestand av sjøørret i Norge om ti år.  

Forsker Bengt Finstad ved Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA) er ikke redd for å bruke sterke ord når han skal beskrive situasjonen for sjøørreten.

 – Det har aldri vært så mye lakselus på sjøørreten som i år. Verst var det i ytre del av Namsenfjorden, der vi i juli fant sjøørret som i snitt hadde over to hundre lus. Selv om jeg har jobbet med dette i over tjue år er jeg sjokkert over hvor ille det er. 

Funnene fra i sommer ble nylig publisert i en rapport laget i samarbeid mellom NINA, Havforskningsinstituttet og Uni Research Miljø.

Nylig publiserte også Finstad – sammen med en rekke andre norske, irske og skotske forskere –en studie som viser at fiskeoppdrett øker forekomsten av lakselus i fjordene. Dette har hatt en klar negativ effekt på sjøørreten, både i Norge og Irland. 

 –  Nå er det svært viktig at forvaltningen og oppdrettsnæringen går sammen om å kartlegge problemet. Det er fare for at sjøørreten enkelte steder kan bli utryddet – i noen områder har dette antagelig allerede skjedd. 

Oppspist av lus

Bengt Finstad forklarer at man de siste årene har kjørt såkalte tålegrenseforsøk, for å finne ut hvor mye lakselus en sjøørret tåler.
 
Disse forsøkene viste at en sjøørret på 40 gram opplever ubehag allerede når den har bare fire lus. I Romsdalsfjorden talte forskerne seg i sommer frem til at en sjøørret på den størrelsen i snitt hadde hele 75 lus.

 –  Lusene spiser av fiskens skinn og blod. Siden det er ulik saltkonsentrasjon i og utenfor fisken, trekkes vannet da ut av fisken – mens salt strømmer inn, forklarer fiskeforskeren.  

Finstad forklarer at han i sommer så fisk der både rygg og halefinnen var nesten oppspist av lus. Siden lakselusa ikke tåler ferskvann trekker sjøørreten opp i ferskvann for å avluse seg. Det tar gjerne en uke eller to før de er helt kvitt parasittene.

 –  Dette gjør at sjøørreten vokser dårligere, fordi den ikke får vært i sjøen og feita seg opp. I tillegg kan fisken dø, som følge av soppinfeksjoner i sårene. 

Forskeren utdyper at dette på sikt kan føre til at sjøørreten i små vassdrag blir utryddet, eller at sjøørret i større vassdrag blir værende i ferskvann. 

Mer oppdrettsfisk gir mer lus

Lakselusa er i utgangspunktet en naturlig parasitt, som til alle tider har vært å finne på vill laksefisk – som sjøørret, laks og sjørøye. Mot slutten av 80-tallet dukket det imidlertid opp fisk med unormalt mye lus, noe som har sammenheng med fremveksten av oppdrettsnæringen.     

På begynnelsen av 90-tallet ble det produsert i overkant av hundre tusen tonn oppdrettsfisk. Frem til i dag har denne produksjonen økt til i over 1,3 millioner tonn. Denne utviklingen har ifølge Finstad utvilsomt forsterket lakseluspresset på sjøørreten.

 –  Problemet er at det i noen fjorder er for mye oppdrettslaks. For hver villfisk har vi i Norge omkring fire hundre oppdrettsfisk, som hele tiden produserer lakseluslarver som spres i fjordene. 

Forvaltningen må ta grep

Bengt Finstad mener sjøørreten ble glemt da det for noen år siden, ble iverksatt felles avlusing i anleggene om våren. Målet var da å minske tallet på lus, når laksesmolten vandret fra elvene ut i havet.

 –  Problemet er at sjøørreten oppholder seg i fjorden hele sommersesongen. Hvis den skal beskyttes er det nødvendig med tiltak mot lakselus helt frem til høsten. 

Liten oversikt

Forskerne overvåker lakselus på villfisk i opptil åtte fjorder i Norge. De viktigste forskningsfjordene er Altafjorden, Namsenfjorden, Romsdalsfjorden og Hardangerfjorden. 

Han legger vekt på at vi likevel har for lite kunnskap om situasjonen for de norske sjøørretbestandene. Dette gjelder både i forskningsfjordene og ellers på Norgeskysten.

 –  Ut fra de høye lusetallene vi har sett i forskningsfjordene i år, er det likevel liten tvil om at problemet er mye mer omfattende enn det vi har oversikt over i dag.

Les mer på nettsidene til Mattilsynet og Havforskningsinstituttet

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